INFECTIONS
GASTROINTESTINAL
& SYSTEMIC
FROM disease TO TREATMENT \ INFECTIONS GASTROINTESTINAL & SYSTEMIC
GASTROINTESTINAL & SYSTEMIC
Communicable diseases have long been highlighted as a global public health priority and are recognized as a leading cause of health loss globally. Reducing the number of deaths due to infections is a foundational principle in moving towards health equity. Three syndromes are responsible for more than 75% of the estimated 7.7 million bacteria-related deaths that occurred in 2019: lower respiratory infections, bloodstream infections, and peritoneal and intra abdominal infections.
References:
Source: Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study2019. Lancet 2022; 400: 2221–48.
AMOEBIASIS
Amoebiasis is caused by infection with the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
Amoebiasis can be asymptomatic or can lead to the development of severe infection with amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscess. It is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water, more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.
Majority of infections are asymptomatic and 10-20% progress to symptomatic infection.
Majority of infections are asymptomatic and 10-20% progress to symptomatic infection.
References:
1.
https://www.cdc.gov/amebiasis/about/
GIARDIASIS
Giardiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Giardia lamblia(also known as G. intestinalis, G. duodenalis), a flagellated protozoan that colonizes the small intestine. It spreads via ingestion of contaminated water or food and causes symptoms like watery diarrhea, bloating, and malabsorption. It is one of the most common waterborne infections globally.
It is one of the most common intestinal parasites in humans. Around 200 million people are infected worldwide annually while 500,000 deaths are reported per year. The infection rates were between 2–5% in the developed nations and 20–30% in the developing countries. In 2022, 10 894 confirmed giardiasis cases were reported in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA), while in the US1 million estimated giardiasis case are reported annually
References:
1.
https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Giardiasis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2022. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Giardiasis. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2022. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
H. pylori infection is a chronic infection of the human stomach that is an established cause of gastritis and peptic ulceration. Infection often occurs in childhood and persists into late adult life unless treated by combinations of broad-spectrum antibiotics and gastric acid suppressants.
H. pylori colonizes the stomach in ~50% of the world’s human population, essentially for life unless eradicated by antibiotic treatment. Colonization with this organism is the main risk factor for peptic ulceration as well as for stomach cancer.
Long-term H. pylori colonization induces chronic superficial gastritis, a tissue response in the stomach that includes infiltration of the mucosa by both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells.
CANDIDIASIS:
INTESTINAL AND ESOPHAGEAL
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by several species of the yeast Candida, especially Candida albicans.
Intestinal and esophageal candidiasis are most commonly affecting immunosuppressed individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or undergoing chemotherapy.
Intestinal and esophageal candidiasis are most commonly affecting immunosuppressed individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or undergoing chemotherapy.
Intestinal candidiasis is often associated with dysbiosis following prolonged antibiotic or corticosteroid use. Symptoms may include abdominal bloating, irregular bowel movements, flatulence, and general digestive discomfort.
Esophageal candiasis often presents with painful swallowing (odynophagia), retrosternal chest pain, nausea, and in some cases, white plaques visible on endoscopy.
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